personal finance
Invest in Your Taxable Account Thoughtfully
Here’s a tip on investing in your taxable account from one of my favorite blogs and authors, Jonathan Clements from Humble Dollar:
INVEST YOUR TAXABLE ACCOUNT THOUGHTFULLY. If you purchase the wrong investments in your taxable account, you may be reluctant to sell, because you’ll trigger capital gains taxes. A good choice: low-cost U.S. and international total stock market index funds, which should be tax-efficient—and which shouldn’t ever lag far behind the market averages.
For those of us in the military, investing in a taxable account comes into play in a few scenarios…
Scenario #1 – You and your spouse (if you have one) have filled your Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) and all other retirement accounts available including IRAs, yet you want to save more for retirement. In this case, you put the rest in a taxable account with the investment company of your choice (Vanguard, Fidelity, Schwab, etc.). This is what I do when all of my retirement accounts are full, and just like Jonathan mentions I invest purely in broad, low-cost index funds at Vanguard. The only taxable holdings I have are the Vanguard U.S. and international total stock market index funds.
Scenario #2 – You are saving for a financial goal that is not related to retirement, such as a downpayment on a home or for a new car. If you’re saving for college, you’d use a 529 plan, but for just about anything else you could use a taxable account. For example, I have my emergency money and extra spending money in a money market fund among my taxable accounts. The alternative to this is to use a bank and invest in a high-yield savings account, a certificate of deposit (CD), or a money market account. Bankrate.com will show you the best rates for each of these reasonable alternatives.
If you are using a taxable account, there are a few things to consider. If you are investing in bonds, you may want to invest in municipal bonds in your taxable account due to the tax benefits. If you are a fan of target date funds, you may not want to use them in a taxable account because the bond portion will kick off income that is taxed at your full marginal tax rate. Most feel that bonds are better placed in a tax-advantaged retirement account unless you are using municipal bonds.
Finance Friday Articles
Here are my favorites this week:
10 Things That Matter Most In Personal Finance
End of the Year Financial Checklist for High Earners
Here are the rest of this week’s articles:
7 Things to Learn From the Periodic Table of Investment Returns
Creating a Personal Finance Curriculum: 5 Questions
Big overhaul set for IRAs could be more or less taxing
Explaining the Different Types of Real Estate Crowdfunding Platforms
Eyes Forward – Saving vs Spending
How Did These Physicians Create Passive Income?
Joining a Cult: The Financial Independence Counterculture
Military spouses will get reimbursed up to $1,000 for professional relicensing costs
Real Estate Investing for Doctors
Retirement and 529 Changes from the SECURE Act
Six Months of Part-Time Work. Or How to Save $60,000 on Taxes.
Should You Invest in Real Estate?
Just about everyone who invests does so in major asset classes including stocks, bonds, and cash equivalents. When it comes to real estate, though, you’ll find widely divergent opinions about its importance in an investment portfolio. There are some well-respected people and institutions who say that real estate investing is unnecessary, and there are others who will tell you it should be your primary asset class. I’ve recently debated whether I should start investing more heavily in real estate, so I wanted to lay out the basic arguments for and against real estate investing.
What is Real Estate?
The answer to this question is not simple because real estate investing comes in many forms. There are relatively passive ways of investing in real estate, such as Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). According to Investopedia, a REIT is “a type of security that invests in real estate through property or mortgages and often trades on major exchanges like a stock.” In other words, you can simply invest in a REIT like you do any other stock, mutual fund, or exchange-traded fund (ETF). Just send your money to your investment company, and you own a little slice of passive real estate.
There are more active methods of investing in real estate, such as fixing and flipping. You purchase a property, you make improvements to it, and then you sell it to someone, hopefully for a profit. As you can imagine, this would take quite a bit more work than investing in a REIT.
There are probably over 100 other ways you can invest in real estate. If you’re interested, I’d check out an article on Bigger Pockets, one of the largest websites about real estate investing, entitled “The Top 100 Ways to Make Money in Real Estate.”
Arguments Against Investing in Real Estate
Regular readers know that Vanguard is my go-to source for both advice and my own investments. Vanguard considers real estate an alternative investment, and according to them “alternatives usually come with more risks and higher costs.” They believe that a diversified portfolio of stocks and bonds provides enough diversification and that alternative investments are unnecessary. Only “sophisticated investors” should consider alternatives, and they see direct real estate investment as “expensive and time-consuming.” Most people have exposure to real estate in the equity in their house and diversified stock/bond funds that often include REITs, real estate companies, and mortgage-backed securities. For these reasons, Vanguard doesn’t think additional investment in real estate is necessary.
Another argument against real estate investing is that it can quickly become a second job. While you can hire property managers, they are probably not going to provide the level of service that the owner would provide. Most of us are already fully employed and don’t need a second job. In addition, owning investment properties can create additional legal risk.
When you purchase an individual property, it is like buying a single stock. You are taking what is called an uncompensated risk. Larry Swedroe defines an uncompensated risk as, “Risk – that is, the risk of owning single stock or sector of the market – that can be diversified away. Since the risk can be diversified away, investors are not rewarded with a risk premium (higher expected return) for accepting this type of risk.” Essentially, you are putting all your eggs in one basket that is not diversified by location or property type. Investing in real estate via a REIT can avoid this problem because REITs invest in properties that are diversified.
Real estate is an illiquid asset class with high transaction fees. While I can sell my stock or bond mutual funds or ETFs in seconds on-line and pay extremely low expenses to do so, it will take me weeks or months to buy or sell a property. In addition, I’ll likely pay 5-10 percent of the price in transaction costs.
Arguments for Real Estate Investing
Real estate is easily acquired, most often by purchasing your own single family house or condominium. You have to live somewhere, and there are several tax advantages to owning where you live. Interest payments on your mortgage and property taxes are probably tax deductible. If you sell your property, capital gains of up to $250,000 if you’re single or $500,000 for couples are tax-free. In addition, paying a mortgage forces you to save by making regular payments, some of which pay off the principle balance of your loan. That is money you’ll get back when you sell.
When compared to stocks or bonds, which have a global, efficient market, real estate often has a local, inefficient market. This means that if you are willing to look, you can probably find some bargains out there much more easily than you can find a bargain stock. Here’s a review of a good book on real estate investing for physicians.
One of the goals of diversification is to have investments that are not correlated with each other. In other words, when investment A drops in price you have investment B that does not. When compared to stocks and bonds, real estate is not perfectly correlated with other investments and therefore provides diversification. An article about the diversification benefit of REITs makes for an interesting read, if you’re interested, although it is a little old. Vanguard came to the conclusion that over-weighting REITs in a target date fund was not worth it. And this very well regarded guy doesn’t believe in over-weighting REITs either.
You can use leverage or “other people’s money” to increase investment returns. Instead of buying a property for $120,000, you could buy three $160,000 properties with a $40,000 down payment on each. This can increase your returns, but in a down market it can also dramatically increase your losses. As many found out during the housing market crash, leverage is a double-edged sword.
Real estate is an inflation hedge. Burton Malkiel says, “A good house on good land keeps its value no matter what happens to money.” Rents and property values tend to rise as prices rise, preserving your purchasing power. Since your mortgage payment doesn’t change with inflation, while rents are going up your mortgage payment remains the same. Stocks do hedge inflation somewhat, but the companies they represent and the stocks themselves tend to get hurt as the prices of raw materials rise.
The Bottom Line
There are a lot of different ways to invest in real estate, passively investing in REITs, fixing and flipping, owning rental properties, and all sorts of other investment opportunities. Like Vanguard, I don’t think it is necessary to invest in real estate, but it is something to consider if you think you will either enjoy it or believe the value it adds to your investment portfolio is worth the effort.
Finance Friday Articles
Here are my favorite articles this week:
Ask The Experts – Rental Property Q&A with Roofstock
Is Sustainable Investing Good for You?
These Charitable Investment Strategies Deliver a ‘Three-fer’
Here are the rest of this week’s articles:
9 Financial Considerations as You Approach the End of Your Career
Candy Land – Should You Invest in Things Other Than Index Funds
Fellowship Rarely Makes Sense Financially
Going Part-Time: Is It Worth It?
Having the Financial Talk… With Your Parents
Low Blows – Are Investors Benefiting from the Cut in Fund Fees?
Pros and Cons of Target Date Funds
Pulling Your Retirement Levers
Are the Thrift Savings Plan Lifecycle Funds Too Conservative?
We’ve talked a lot about the Thrift Savings Plan and all of its investment options. The easy button is to just use a Lifecycle Fund or L Fund. Pick the approximate year you intend to retire, and use the L Fund with the year in its name that is closest to your retirement year.
For example, if you want to retire in 2038, you’d pick the L 2040 Fund because that is the one closest to 2038. Pretty simple.
Funds like the L Funds are called target date funds. Investopedia defines a target date fund as:
A target-date fund is a fund offered by an investment company that seeks to grow assets over a specified period of time for a targeted goal. Target-date funds are usually named by the year in which the investor plans to begin utilizing the assets. The funds are structured to address a capital need at some date in the future, such as retirement. The asset allocation of a target-date fund is therefore a function of the specified timeframe available to meet the targeted investment objective. A target-date fund’s risk tolerance become more conservative as it approaches its objective target date.
Target date funds have become super popular, but how do the TSP L Funds compare to other target date funds? In particular, how risky or conservative are they when it comes to their asset allocation? Let’s take a look and find out.
More Stocks = More Risk
The TSP L Funds only invest in two broad asset classes, stocks and bonds. The higher percentage of your portfolio you have allocated to stocks, the more risk you are taking.
How does the TSP L Fund stock allocation compare to similar funds at other investment companies? Here are the stock and bond allocation percentages for a few 2040 target date funds (rounded to the nearest whole percentage):
- TSP L 2040 = 72% stocks, 28% bonds
- Fidelity Freedom Fund 2040 (FFFFX) = 93% stocks, 7% bonds
- Schwab Target 2040 Index Fund (SWYGX) = 82% stocks, 18% bonds
- Vanguard Target Retirement 2040 (VFORX) – 83% stocks, 17% bonds
As you can see, the TSP L 2040 is by far the most conservative fund with only 72% stocks. The next closest is the Schwab fund at 82% stocks with Vanguard close behind at 83%. Fidelity wins the aggressiveness award for the 2040 target date.
Just Pick a Different Target Date?
If the conservative nature of the TSP L Funds bothers you, you can always dial up the risk by adjusting the target date you select. Just because you want to retire around the year 2040 doesn’t mean you can’t use the L 2050 fund. By picking it, you’d have a more aggressive asset allocation than the L 2040 but still get the benefits of a target date fund like automatic rebalancing and a gradually more conservative allocation as you age.
But if you look at the L 2050 fund, you’ll find its asset allocation to be 82% stocks and 18% bonds. In other words, the L 2050 is more conservative than two of the three 2040 funds listed above and the same as the one from Schwab. And since it is the most aggressive L Fund available in the TSP, it limits how aggressive you can get while using a Lifecycle Fund.
Why are L Funds so Conservative? Is it Appropriate?
The answer to the first question is because they are based on “based on professionally determined asset allocations.”
The answer to the second question, in my opinion, is probably not. While a conservative investor would have no issues with the L Fund asset allocations, a moderate or aggressive investor would, especially if they are staying in the military long enough to leave with a government guaranteed, inflation adjusted pension.
As we all know around here, that pension is extremely valuable. In addition, when viewed in the context of your entire portfolio, its safety could allow you to take more risk with the rest of your investments.
How Does This Affect You?
If you don’t use a L Fund, it doesn’t.
If you do use them, though, you should use them realizing that:
- Among target date funds, they are conservative.
- Even by picking the L Fund 2050, the most aggressive you can get your asset allocation will be 82% stocks and 18% bonds.
- Despite all of this, they are still the easiest way to invest for retirement in the TSP.
2020 BAH/BAS/Basic Pay Rates and Finance Friday Articles
The DoD released the 2020 pay info:
Here are my favorite articles this week:
9 Practical Tips to Find Contentment
Overweighting REITs: Why Don’t More Experts Recommend It?
Riding Out Private Real Estate Deals
Here are the rest of this week’s articles:
10 Guiding Principles for Physician Debt Management
Durn Furriners – A Discussion of Foreign Stock Allocation
Owning Oddities – Factor Investing
Spend Money On Experiences… And Some Things, Too
Supersavers and the Roth vs Tax-deferred 401(k) Dilemma
WCI vs PoF: A Pro/Con on Donor Advised Funds
What’s the Best Age to Take Social Security?
While On International Travel, Always Transact In Local Currency
Finance Friday Articles
Here are my favorites this week:
Are You Leaving Money On The Table?
Making the Call – Roth vs Traditional
The Ultimate Productivity Hack is Saying No
Here are the rest of this week’s articles:
6 TRICARE Resources You Might Not Know About
All-Time Highs Are Both Scary & Normal
A Primer on Real Estate Professional Status for Physicians
Beyond Fee-Only: 7 Things to Know About the Advice-Only Model
Bull Markets Last Much Longer Than You Think
How to Fast FIRE Your Way to Generational Wealth – Part I
How We Went From Full-Time Physicians to Semi-Retired MDs
How Your TRICARE Costs Will Change in 2020
I Made $15 Million Before I Was 30, And It Wasn’t As Awesome As You’d Think
Make these Five Tax Moves Before December 31st
Six Principles of Asset Location
Smart Career Alternatives and Retirement for Physicians
Strategies To Consider When Building An Effective Retirement Income Plan
Student Loan Advice: 7 Rules of Thumb
The Code, Conflicts, and Client Interest
There’s Always a Bear Market Somewhere
What Causes Physician Burnout? The Medscape Survey
Where Have All The Stock Market Returns Come From This Decade?
Why Opportunity Fund Investors Shouldn’t Settle for High Fees
Why the best person to give you money advice may NOT be an accountant or financial adviser
A Simple and Military Specific Summary of How to Save for Retirement
I’m a huge fam of Jim Lange. He’s a noted expert in financial management, saving for retirement, and estate planning. He’s written a number of books
He sends out a monthly newsletter that I get via snail mail, and it usually has a useful article in it. If you want it, you can get it here.
A previous edition had a section called “Jim’s Point-by-Point Summary of the Whole Retirement & Estate Planning Process.” It was simple but extremely useful. Below in bold are each of the points he lists for people who are still working, which is most of my readership. Let’s take each bolded point and militarize it for you so it is specific to those of us in the military.
Contribute at least the amount to your retirement plan that your employer is willing to match or partially match.
For those under the legacy retirement plan, this is not an option. For those under the new Blended Retirement System (BRS), you need to contribute 5% of your basic pay to the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) to get the pull 5% DoD match:
You also need to make sure you contribute 5% every month and don’t fill the TSP too early. If you max it out in October, you won’t get a match in November or December.
If you can afford to, contribute the maximum allowed to your retirement plan even if your employer does not match.
This is $19,500 in 2020. You can do an extra $6,500 if you are 50 or over. You can even do more if you are in a combat zone.
Once you have maximized contributions to your plan at work, contribute the maximum you can to an IRA, even if you cannot take a tax deduction on it.
If you are able to fill your TSP account, next you’ll need to open an IRA at an investment firm. Vanguard is the obvious choice due to their across the board low investment fees and unique non-profit structure, but you can do this anywhere (Schwab, Fidelity, etc.).
If you make too much to contribute to a Roth IRA, you just use the back door Roth IRA option.
Consider your personal tax bracket when trying to decide if you should contribute to a Roth or a traditional IRA/retirement plan.
With a traditional plan, you take a tax deduction now and pay taxes later when you take the money out. With a Roth plan you pay the taxes now and the withdrawals are completely tax free.
The general principle is that if you are in a lower tax bracket now than when you are retired, you do the Roth. If you are in a higher tax bracket now, you use the traditional.
No one really knows what the future holds, though, making this decision tough. Here are some resources for you to check out when making this decision:
Traditional/Roth TSP Comparison Matrix
Roth vs. Traditional IRAs: A Comparison
Do not take loans against your retirement plan. Allow the tax-deferred or tax-free status of the account to maximize the growth of your money.
While the TSP allows loans, I refuse to link to any information about it. Once you put money away for retirement, you don’t borrow from it unless it is an ABSOLUTE EMERGENCY.
Period.
The Bottom Line
Here are the point-by-point summary of steps Jim Lange suggests you take if you are saving for retirement:
- Contribute at least the amount to your retirement plan that your employer is willing to match or partially match, which is 5% of basic pay in the BRS.
- If you can afford to, contribute the maximum allowed to your retirement plan even if your employer does not match, which is $19,500 in the TSP ($26,000 if you’re 50+).
- Once you have maximized contributions to your plan at work, contribute the maximum you can to an IRA, even if you cannot take a tax deduction on it. Use a back door Roth IRA if you need to.
- Consider your personal tax bracket when trying to decide if you should contribute to a Roth or a traditional IRA/retirement plan.
- Do not take loans against your retirement plan. Allow the tax-deferred or tax-free status of the account to maximize the growth of your money.
Finance Friday Articles
Here’s an article about the upcoming change in the TSP I Fund. They are adding emerging markets like China to the I Fund’s international stock holdings:
Viewpoint: Let’s Keep a Level Playing Field for TSP Investors
Here are my favorite articles of the week:
Step By Step Guide to Opening a Brokerage Account
The 1% Rule and How It Can Save You Time When Evaluating Rental Properties
Here are the rest of this week’s articles:
10 Questions to Ask Yourself About Your Investments
Conflicts of Interest: Are You Getting Good Advice?
Creating a Dynasty: Building Family Wealth Across Generations
How much can we earn in retirement without paying federal income taxes?
If It Doesn’t Cash Flow, Don’t Buy It
Missing the Target with Target Date Funds
Monte Carlo Analysis: Understanding What You’re Dealing With
Oldies But Goodies – Financial Books You Should Read
The End of the Year Unwanted Payday
This Anesthesiologist Retired At 43 By Avoiding The Normal Traps That Trip-Up Doctors’ Savings
This Law Lowers Interest Rates for Active Duty Servicemembers
Throwback Thursday Classic Post – The $121,500+ Guest Room
(This is one of the most popular articles I’ve ever written, and I’m on my 3rd exchange student, so this room has cost me way more than indicated in the title.)
I have a wife, two children, two dogs and the need for three bedrooms and two bathrooms. In March 2015 I purchased what I consider to be a modest 4 bedroom, 3.5 bath, 3000 square foot house in a nice neighborhood with quality public schools. The 4th bedroom is largely unnecessary, but like many people we occasionally have visitors and feel that it is nice to offer them a bedroom as opposed to a hotel. This is the story of how that 4th bedroom cost me over $100,000, far more than it would cost to provide our visitors with a hotel room…a REALLY NICE hotel room.
The Guest Room
The guest room and its accompanying full bathroom are approximately 600 square feet. The house sold for $140/square foot, meaning that this extra room and bathroom cost me $84,000. Where I live, you can get a decent hotel room for $100/night. In other words, I could have purchased 840 nights in a hotel room for any guests we have and I don’t think we’ll ever have 840 guest-nights unless we stay in this house for a very, very, long time. In addition, we have a quite comfortable queen size Lazy Boy sleeper couch that could have substituted for the guest room.
Running total: $84,000
The HVAC Incident
“The way they installed this, I don’t even think I can fix it.” That is not what I wanted my HVAC repair man to say, but that is what he said. The guest room did not have its own HVAC zone and because it is above the garage and the insulation is not what it could be, the guest room is always too hot or too cold. And what’s the point of a nice guestroom if it’s not comfortable? After spending $5,000, the guest room had its own wall mounted HVAC unit and zone.
Running total: $89,000
The Exchange Student
Since we have an $89,000 extra room with a bathroom and its own HVAC, we are hosting a Spanish exchange student during the upcoming school year. Hosting an exchange student will likely be a great experience for us all, as I assume it will expand our horizons and hopefully forge a lasting relationship with someone for us to visit in Spain.
I suspect this student, like most humans, will eat and drink and cost some money, so I’m adding that to the running total.
Running total: $89,000 plus whatever a 16-year-old boy eats and drinks during a school year.
Despite the fact that he is of driving age, he is not allowed to drive in the US. This, of course, led to…
The Manny Van
Sometime in August, I will have a wife, two kids, two dogs, and an exchange student. It is (was) going to be tough to get around and do the traveling we’d like to do in our Toyota Prius and Ford Fusion Hybrid. Having a 12, 15, and 16-year-old in the back seat, while technically feasible, was not going to be fun for anything other than the shortest of trips. Plus, we like to bring the dogs.
Enter the $32,500 2015 Toyota Sienna minivan, which I like to call the “manny van” when I’m driving it. I can now haul all living beings for whom I am responsible in the manliest of vans.
Running total: $121,500 plus whatever a 16-year-old boy eats and drinks in a school year
The Moral of the Story
One of the classic financial mistakes that almost all physicians make (including me apparently) is that they spend too much money, buying too expensive a car and too large of a house. Sometimes something as simple as wanting a guest room can lead to unintended and expensive consequences. If we didn’t have a guest room, I would probably have an extra $100,000 and I wouldn’t be driving a “manny van”.
Joel Schofer's Career Planning Blog 